Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is a malignant disease originating from the mucosal lining of the bladder. Typical symptoms include painless haematuria, frequent urination and burning sensation during urination (dysuria). Smoking and chronic bladder inflammation are the main risk factors. Diagnosis requires cystoscopy. Treatment varies according to the degree of invasion into the muscle layer of the bladder, and options include endoscopic resection, intravesical therapy, and radical cystectomy.